Vademécum de Suplementos Nutricionales

Deficiencia, grupos de riesgo y criterio técnico

1. Durán P, Mangialavori G, Biglieri A, et al. Estudio descriptivo de la situación nutricional en niños de 6-72 meses de la República Argentina: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS). Arch Argent Pediatr. 2009;107(5):397-404.
2. Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación. 2.ª Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS 2). Indicadores seleccionados de salud y nutrición: población materno-infantil. Buenos Aires; nov 2019.
3. Calvo EB, Biglieri A. Impacto de la fortificación con ácido fólico sobre el estado nutricional en mujeres y la prevalencia de defectos del tubo neural. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2008;106(6):492-498.
4. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. 2.ª Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS 2). Segundo informe de indicadores priorizados. Buenos Aires; jul 2022.
5. Oliveri B, Plantalech L, Bagur A, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in healthy elderly people living at home in Argentina. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(2):337-342. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601786
6. Sánchez A, Oliveri B, Mansur JL, Fradinger E, Mastaglia S. Guía de la Federación Argentina de Sociedades de Endocrinología sobre diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la hipovitaminosis D. Actual Osteol. 2015;11(2):151-171.
7. República Argentina. Ley 25.630: prevención de las anemias y las malformaciones del tubo neural. Sancionada 31 jul 2002; promulgada 22 ago 2002. servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
8. Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, et al. Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-1761. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3754
9. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Zhao W, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency. JAMA. 2013;310(22): 2435-2442. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280490
10. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Quesenberry CP, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):821-829.e1.
11. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
12. Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S, et al. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):110-117. doi:10.1111/nure.12001
13. Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1907-1947. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae290
14. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):1357-1364. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031070
15. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJF, Hamulyák K, et al. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279-3283. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
16. Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9(1):48-55. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
17. Walker AF, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes Res. 2003;16(3):183-191.
18. Sánchez A, Oliveri B, Mansur JL, et al. Diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la hipovitaminosis D. Guía práctica de la Federación Argentina de Sociedades de Endocrinología. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab. 2013;50(2):140-156.
19. Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut. 2021;70(11):2030-2051. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325289

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Consideraciones generales y límite superior de ingesta

1. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional
2. Comité Nacional de Hematología, Oncología y Medicina Transfusional; Comité Nacional de Nutrición (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría). Deficiencia de hierro y anemia ferropénica. Guía para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2017;115 Supl 4:s68-s82.
3. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Iron: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 4 sep 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional
4. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3704-3709. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Zinc: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 6 ene 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional
6. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
7. Secretaría de Calidad en Salud y Secretaría de Alimentos, Bioeconomía y Desarrollo Regional (Argentina). Resolución Conjunta 3/2020. Código Alimentario Argentino, artículo 1381: suplementos dietarios. Boletín Oficial, 29 dic 2020.
8. Secretaría de Gestión Sanitaria y Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (Argentina). Resolución Conjunta 33/2025. Código Alimentario Argentino, artículos 235 y 1381. Boletín Oficial n.º 35.694, 26 jun 2025.

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Contenido elemental de las sales y cirugía bariátrica

1. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
2. Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9(1):48-55. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
3. Walker AF, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes Res. 2003;16(3):183-191.
4. Wegmüller R, Tay F, Zeder C, et al. Zinc absorption by young adults from supplemental zinc citrate is comparable with that from zinc gluconate and higher than from zinc oxide. J Nutr. 2014;144(2):132-136. doi:10.3945/jn.113.181487
5. Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(4):G43-G67. doi:10.1530/EJE-21-0479
6. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Thiamin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 9 feb 2023. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional

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Vitamina D3

Colecalciferol

1. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
2. Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1907-1947. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae290
3. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):1357-1364. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031070
4. Sánchez A, Oliveri B, Mansur JL, et al. Diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la hipovitaminosis D. Guía práctica de la Federación Argentina de Sociedades de Endocrinología. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab. 2013;50(2):140-156.
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional
6. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011. doi:10.17226/13050
7. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate. EFSA J. 2023;21(8):e08145. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8145
8. Yao P, Bennett D, Mafham M, et al. Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917789. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789
9. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1809944
10. LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, et al. Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(4):299-309. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2202106
11. McCartney CR, McDonnell ME, Corrigan MD, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and epistemic humility: an Endocrine Society guideline communication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1948-1954. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae322
12. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385
13. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D: fact sheet for consumers. Actualizada 8 nov 2022. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer

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Vitamina K2

Menaquinona-7 (MK-7)

1. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJF, Hamulyák K, et al. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279-3283. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2001. doi:10.17226/10026
3. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin K: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 29 mar 2021. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional
4. Knapen MHJ, Drummen NE, Smit E, et al. Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(9):2499-2507. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6
5. Rønn SH, Harsløf T, Pedersen SB, et al. Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) prevents age-related deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture at the tibia in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(6):541-549. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0498
6. Rønn SH, Harsløf T, Oei L, et al. The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32(1):185-191. doi:10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
7. Mott A, Bradley T, Wright K, et al. Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(8):1543-1559. doi:10.1007/s00198-019-04949-0
8. Diederichsen ACP, Lindholt JS, Möller S, et al. Vitamin K2 and D in patients with aortic valve calcification: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Circulation. 2022;145(18):1387-1397. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057008
9. Theuwissen E, Teunissen KJ, Spronk HMH, et al. Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(6):1085-1092. doi:10.1111/jth.12203

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Vitamina A

Retinol (palmitato de retinilo)

1. Durán P, Mangialavori G, Biglieri A, et al. Estudio descriptivo de la situación nutricional en niños de 6-72 meses de la República Argentina: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS). Arch Argent Pediatr. 2009;107(5):397-404.
2. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
3. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2001. doi:10.17226/10026
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin A and carotenoids: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 10 mar 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional
5. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for preformed vitamin A and β-carotene. EFSA J. 2024;22(6):e8814. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8814
6. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Vitamin A. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; actualizado 4 nov 2020. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548165
7. World Health Organization. Measles: fact sheet. Consultada 6 oct 2026. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
8. Yang HM, Mao M, Wan C. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD001479. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3
9. Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(15):1029-1035. doi:10.1056/NEJM199404143301501
10. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist M, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(18):1150-1155. doi:10.1056/NEJM199605023341802
11. Rothman KJ, Moore LL, Singer MR, et al. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(21):1369-1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511233332101
12. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, et al. Serum retinol levels and the risk of fracture. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(4):287-294. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021171
13. Medsafe (New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Prescriber Update. 2016;37(1):7.

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Vitamina E

dl-α-tocoferil acetato

1. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2000. doi:10.17226/9810
2. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin E: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 26 mar 2021. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional
3. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E. EFSA J. 2024;22(8):e8953. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8953
4. Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1675-1685. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907929
5. HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(11):1338-1347. doi:10.1001/jama.293.11.1338
6. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549-1556. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1437
7. Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(1):37-46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110
8. Sesso HD, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(18):2123. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.600
9. Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c5702. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5702
10. US Food and Drug Administration. XENICAL (orlistat) capsules: prescribing information. Rev. nov 2022. accessdata.fda.gov

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Vitamina C

Ácido ascórbico

1. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3704-3709. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704
2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2000. doi:10.17226/9810
3. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin C: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 31 jul 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional
4. Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4
5. Li N, Zhao G, Wu W, et al. The efficacy and safety of vitamin C for iron supplementation in adult patients with iron deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2023644. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23644
6. Thomas LDK, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, et al. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):386-388. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296
7. Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, et al. Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(3):400-407. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.005
8. Juneja D, Jain R, Nasa P. Vitamin C-induced hemolysis: meta-summary and review of literature. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022;26(2):224-227. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23963
9. Abbott. FreeStyle Libre systems: important safety information. Rotulado del fabricante. Consultado 6 oct 2026. freestyleprovider.abbott
10. Jaffe R, Kasten B, Young DS, et al. False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ann Intern Med. 1975;83(6): 824-826. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-83-6-824

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Vitamina B12

Metilcobalamina · cianocobalamina

1. Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, et al. Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-1761. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3754
2. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Zhao W, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency. JAMA. 2013;310(22): 2435-2442. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280490
3. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
4. Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S, et al. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):110-117. doi:10.1111/nure.12001
5. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
6. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin B12: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 2 jul 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional
7. Berlin H, Berlin R, Brante G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand. 1968;184(1-6): 247-258. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb02452.x
8. Wang H, Li L, Qin LL, et al. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3:CD004655. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004655.pub3
9. Eussen SJPM, et al. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(10): 1167. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.10.1167
10. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c2181. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181
11. Sands T, Jawed A, Stevenson E, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency: NICE guideline summary. BMJ. 2024;385:q1019. doi:10.1136/bmj.q1019
12. Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(4):496-513. doi:10.1111/bjh.12959
13. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Folate: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional
14. Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. Cyanocobalamin injection, USP 1000 mcg/mL: prescribing information. DailyMed, National Library of Medicine.

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Folato

L-5-metiltetrahidrofolato · ácido fólico

1. República Argentina. Ley 25.630: prevención de las anemias y las malformaciones del tubo neural. Sancionada 31 jul 2002; promulgada 22 ago 2002. servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
2. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Folate: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional
3. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for folate. EFSA J. 2023;21(11):e08353. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8353
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MTHFR gene variant and folic acid facts. Consultada 6 oct 2026. cdc.gov/folic-acid/data-research/mthfr
5. Hickey SE, Curry CJ, Toriello HV. ACMG practice guideline: lack of evidence for MTHFR polymorphism testing. Genet Med. 2013;15(2):153-156. doi:10.1038/gim.2012.165
6. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet. 1991;338(8760): 131-137. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90133-A
7. Czeizel AE, Dudás I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(26): 1832-1835. doi:10.1056/NEJM199212243272602
8. Lamers Y, Prinz-Langenohl R, Brämswig S, Pietrzik K. Red blood cell folate concentrations increase more after supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate than with folic acid in women of childbearing age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):156-161. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.156
9. Henderson AM, Aleliunas RE, Loh SP, et al. L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation increases blood folate concentrations to a greater extent than folic acid supplementation in Malaysian women. J Nutr. 2018;148(6): 885-890. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy057
10. Shea B, Swinden MV, Tanjong Ghogomu E, et al. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD000951. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000951.pub2
11. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección Nacional de Maternidad e Infancia. Recomendaciones para la práctica del control preconcepcional, prenatal y puerperal. Buenos Aires; 2013.
12. US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023;330(5):454. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.12876
13. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación (Argentina). Glosario de salud: ácido fólico. Actualizado 1 mar 2024. argentina.gob.ar/salud/glosario/acidofolico

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Vitamina B6

Piridoxina clorhidrato

1. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1998.
2. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin B6: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 16 jun 2023. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional
3. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6. EFSA J. 2023;21(5):e08006. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8006
4. Vrolijk MF, Opperhuizen A, Jansen EHJM, et al. The vitamin B6 paradox: supplementation with high concentrations of pyridoxine leads to decreased vitamin B6 function. Toxicol In Vitro. 2017;44:206-212. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.009
5. Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia). Notice of final decision to amend (or not amend) the current Poisons Standard in relation to pyridoxine, pyridoxal or pyridoxamine (vitamin B6). Canberra; 25 nov 2025.
6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(1):e15-e30. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456
7. Matthews A, Haas DM, O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; (9):CD007575. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4
8. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147-e195. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw376
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adverse events during TB treatment. Actualizada 17 abr 2025. cdc.gov/tb/hcp/treatment/adverse-events.html
10. World Health Organization. WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 1: prevention – tuberculosis preventive treatment. Edición 2024. tbksp.who.int
11. Dalton K, Dalton M. Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76(1):8-11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03536.x
12. Schaumburg HH, Kaplan JG, Windebank AJ, et al. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(8):445-448. doi:10.1056/NEJM198308253090801
13. US Food and Drug Administration. SINEMET (carbidopa-levodopa) tablets: prescribing information. Rev. ene 2011. accessdata.fda.gov

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Complejo B

B1 · B2 · B3 · B5 · B7

1. República Argentina. Ley 25.630: prevención de las anemias y las malformaciones del tubo neural. Sancionada 31 jul 2002; promulgada 22 ago 2002. servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
2. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
3. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Thiamin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 9 feb 2023. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 18 nov 2022. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional
6. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Pantothenic acid: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional
7. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Biotin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 10 ene 2022. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional
8. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998;50(2): 466-470. doi:10.1212/WNL.50.2.466
9. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults [retirada]. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c
10. Galvin R, Bråthen G, Ivashynka A, et al. EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(12): 1408-1418. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03153.x
11. HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):203-212. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1300955
12. Li D, Radulescu A, Shrestha RT, et al. Association of biotin ingestion with performance of hormone and nonhormone assays in healthy adults. JAMA. 2017;318(12):1150. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.13705
13. US Food and Drug Administration. Biotin interference with troponin lab tests: assays subject to biotin interference. Contenido vigente al 21 jun 2022. fda.gov/medical-devices
14. Li D, Ferguson A, Cervinski MA, Lynch KL, Kyle PB. AACC guidance document on biotin interference in laboratory tests. J Appl Lab Med. 2020;5(3):575. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfz010
15. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Riboflavin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 11 may 2022. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional
16. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1567-1577. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060900
17. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1578-1588. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055227
18. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017:CD006612. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006612.pub5

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Magnesio

Citrato · bisglicinato

1. Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9(1):48-55. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
2. Walker AF, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes Res. 2003;16(3):183-191.
3. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
4. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults [retirada]. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Magnesium: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 6 ene 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional
6. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1237-1241. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057800
7. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs). 2 mar 2011. fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability
8. Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, et al. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(9):CD009402. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009402.pub3
9. Mah J, Pitre T. Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1): 125. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z
10. Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M. Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994;18(5):430-435.

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Zinc

Gluconato de zinc

1. Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, et al. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery integrated health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(5): 727-741. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018
2. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Zinc: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 6 ene 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional
3. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
4. Wegmüller R, Tay F, Zeder C, et al. Zinc absorption by young adults from supplemental zinc citrate is comparable with that from zinc gluconate and higher than from zinc oxide. J Nutr. 2014;144(2):132-136. doi:10.3945/jn.113.181487
5. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2001. doi:10.17226/10026
6. Nault D, Machingo TA, Shipper AG, et al. Zinc for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;(5):CD014914. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014914.pub2
7. Hemilä H. Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage. JRSM Open. 2017;8(5):2054270417694291. doi:10.1177/2054270417694291
8. Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD005436. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub5
9. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1417-1436. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417
10. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(19): 2005-2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.4997
11. Duncan A, Yacoubian C, Watson N, Morrison I. The risk of copper deficiency in patients prescribed zinc supplements. J Clin Pathol. 2015;68(9):723-725. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202837

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Selenio

Levadura de selenio

1. Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(4):G43-G67. doi:10.1530/EJE-21-0479
2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2000. doi:10.17226/9810
3. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Selenium: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 4 sep 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional
4. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium. EFSA J. 2023;21(1):e07704. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704
5. Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1920-1931. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1012985
6. Wichman J, Winther KH, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Selenium supplementation significantly reduces thyroid autoantibody levels in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016;26(12):1681-1692. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0256
7. van Zuuren EJ, Albusta AY, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD010223. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010223.pub2
8. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009;301(1):39-51. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.864
9. Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(4):217-223. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175
10. MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, et al. Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(3):256-261. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.495

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Hierro

Sulfato ferroso

1. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Quesenberry CP, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):821-829.e1.
2. Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut. 2021;70(11):2030-2051. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325289
3. Comité Nacional de Hematología, Oncología y Medicina Transfusional; Comité Nacional de Nutrición (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría). Deficiencia de hierro y anemia ferropénica. Guía para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2017;115 Supl 4:s68-s82.
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Iron: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 4 sep 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional
5. European Food Safety Authority. Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Versión 11; ago 2025. efsa.europa.eu
6. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2001. doi:10.17226/10026
7. Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, et al. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(11):e524-e533. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30182-5
8. Stoffel NU, Zeder C, Brittenham GM, et al. Iron absorption from supplements is greater with alternate day than with consecutive day dosing in iron-deficient anemic women. Haematologica. 2020;105(5):1232-1239. doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.220830
9. Houston BL, Hurrie D, Graham J, et al. Efficacy of iron supplementation on fatigue and physical capacity in non-anaemic iron-deficient adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e019240. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019240
10. Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, et al. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117383. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117383
11. Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Auerbach M, et al. Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report. Sleep Med. 2018;41:27-44. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1126
12. Vaucher P, Druais PL, Waldvogel S, Favrat B. Effect of iron supplementation on fatigue in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2012;184(11):1247-1254. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110950
13. Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028
14. US Food and Drug Administration. CIPRO (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) tablets and oral suspension: prescribing information. Rev. mar 2020. accessdata.fda.gov

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Coenzima Q10

Ubiquinona

1. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults [retirada]. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c
2. Hathcock JN, Shao A. Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;45(3):282-288. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.006
3. Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A, et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2(6):641-649. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008
4. Al Saadi T, Assaf Y, Farwati M, et al. Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;(2):CD008684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008684.pub3
5. Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(1):24-34. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.021
6. Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(19):e009835. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009835
7. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Coenzyme Q10. Actualizado ene 2019. nccih.nih.gov/health/coenzyme-q10
8. Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, et al. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2005;64(4): 713-715. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000151975.03598.ED
9. Ho MJ, Li ECK, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD007435. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3
10. Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Hansen KF. [Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial] (en danés). Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165(18):1868-1871.

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Fármacos que depletan nutrientes e interacciones

1. Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, et al. Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-1761. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3754
2. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Zhao W, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency. JAMA. 2013;310(22): 2435-2442. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280490
3. Lam JR, Schneider JL, Quesenberry CP, Corley DA. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):821-829.e1.
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Iron: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 4 sep 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional
6. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Zinc: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 6 ene 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional
7. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Thiamin: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 9 feb 2023. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional
8. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385
9. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin K: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 29 mar 2021. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional
10. Theuwissen E, Teunissen KJ, Spronk HMH, et al. Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(6):1085-1092. doi:10.1111/jth.12203
11. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin E: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 26 mar 2021. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional
12. US Food and Drug Administration. XENICAL (orlistat) capsules: prescribing information. Rev. nov 2022. accessdata.fda.gov
13. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c2181. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181
14. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Folate: fact sheet for health professionals. Consultada 6 oct 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional
15. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147-e195. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw376
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adverse events during TB treatment. Actualizada 17 abr 2025. cdc.gov/tb/hcp/treatment/adverse-events.html
17. World Health Organization. WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 1: prevention – tuberculosis preventive treatment. Edición 2024. tbksp.who.int
18. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Magnesium: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 6 ene 2026. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional
19. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1237-1241. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057800
20. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs). 2 mar 2011. fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability
21. Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670-1751. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028
22. US Food and Drug Administration. CIPRO (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) tablets and oral suspension: prescribing information. Rev. mar 2020. accessdata.fda.gov
23. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Coenzyme Q10. Actualizado ene 2019. nccih.nih.gov/health/coenzyme-q10
24. Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Hansen KF. [Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial] (en danés). Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165(18):1868-1871.
25. Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(12):2088-2102. doi:10.1002/art.42646
26. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine. Cholestyramine resin. Revisado 15 mar 2026. medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682672.html

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Situaciones de especial cuidado

1. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Iron: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 4 sep 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional
2. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D: fact sheet for consumers. Actualizada 8 nov 2022. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer
3. Theuwissen E, Teunissen KJ, Spronk HMH, et al. Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(6):1085-1092. doi:10.1111/jth.12203
4. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin A and carotenoids: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 10 mar 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional
5. EFSA NDA Panel; Turck D, Bohn T, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for preformed vitamin A and β-carotene. EFSA J. 2024;22(6):e8814. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8814
6. Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(15):1029-1035. doi:10.1056/NEJM199404143301501
7. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist M, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(18):1150-1155. doi:10.1056/NEJM199605023341802
8. Rothman KJ, Moore LL, Singer MR, et al. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(21):1369-1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511233332101
9. Medsafe (New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Prescriber Update. 2016;37(1):7.
10. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin E: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 26 mar 2021. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional
11. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Vitamin C: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizada 31 jul 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional
12. Thomas LDK, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, et al. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):386-388. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296
13. Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, et al. Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(3):400-407. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.005
14. Abbott. FreeStyle Libre systems: important safety information. Rotulado del fabricante. Consultado 6 oct 2026. freestyleprovider.abbott
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