Vademécum de Adaptógenos y Hongos Medicinales

Concepto, mecanismo y calidad de la materia prima

1. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Reflection paper on the adaptogenic concept. EMEA/HMPC/102655/2007. London: European Medicines Agency; 2008.
2. Brekhman II, Dardymov IV. New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol. 1969;9:419-430. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002223
3. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Rhodiola rosea L., rhizoma et radix – Revision 1. EMA/HMPC/24177/2023. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
4. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., radix – Revision 1. EMA/HMPC/27744/2023. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
5. HMPC. Community herbal monograph on Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim., radix. EMA/HMPC/680618/2013. London: European Medicines Agency; 2014.
6. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium. EMA/HMPC/321097/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015.
7. HMPC. Public statement on Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, radix. EMA/HMPC/681519/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2013.
8. World Health Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 3. Geneva: WHO; 2007. Fructus Schisandrae.
9. World Health Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 2. Geneva: WHO; 2002. Radix Eleutherococci; Folium Ocimi Sancti.
10. Panossian A, Wikman G. Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress-protective activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(1):188-224. doi:10.3390/ph3010188
11. Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R. An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
12. Salve J, Pate S, Debnath K, Langade D. Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Cureus. 2019;11(12):e6466. doi:10.7759/cureus.6466
13. Albalawi AA. Dual impact of ashwagandha: significant cortisol reduction but no effects on perceived stress – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health. 2025;31(4):1395-1408. doi:10.1177/02601060251363647
14. Olsson EMG, von Schéele B, Panossian AG. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract SHR-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue. Planta Med. 2009;75(2):105-112. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088346
15. Panossian A, Wikman G, Kaur P, Asea A. Adaptogens stimulate neuropeptide Y and Hsp72 expression and release in neuroglia cells. Front Neurosci. 2012;6:6. doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00006
16. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;60(3):258-274. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1076-7
17. Hong F, Yan J, Baran JT, et al. Mechanism by which orally administered β-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. J Immunol. 2004;173(2):797-806. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.797
18. Chan GCF, Chan WK, Sze DMY. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2009;2:25. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-2-25
19. Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P, Richter J. Beta glucan: supplement or drug? From laboratory to clinical trials. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1251. doi:10.3390/molecules24071251
20. Brown GD, Gordon S. A new receptor for β-glucans. Nature. 2001;413(6851):36-37. doi:10.1038/35092620
21. Rice PJ, Adams EL, Ozment-Skelton T, et al. Oral delivery and gastrointestinal absorption of soluble glucans stimulate increased resistance to infectious challenge. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;314(3): 1079-1086. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.085415
22. Quintin J, Saeed S, Martens JHA, et al. Candida albicans infection affords protection against reinfection via functional reprogramming of monocytes. Cell Host Microbe. 2012;12(2):223-232.
23. Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6): 375-388. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6
24. Leentjens J, Quintin J, Gerretsen J, et al. The effects of orally administered beta-glucan on innate immune responses in humans, a randomized open-label intervention pilot-study. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108794
25. Kureha / Daiichi Sankyo. Krestin gránulos finos: prospecto, 9.ª ed., revisión abr 2015 [en japonés].
26. Kureha Corporation. Comunicado sobre el cese de fabricación y venta del antineoplásico Krestin gránulos finos [en japonés]. 17 mar 2017. kureha.co.jp/newsrelease
27. National Cancer Institute. Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®) – Health Professional Version. Actualizado 6 nov 2024. cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/mushrooms-pdq
28. Wu DT, Deng Y, Chen LX, et al. Evaluation on quality consistency of Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplements collected in the United States. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7792. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06336-3
29. Kawagishi H, Shimada A, Shirai R, et al. Erinacines A, B and C, strong stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis, from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994;35(10):1569-1572. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)76760-8
30. Wellham PA, Kim DH, Brock M, de Moor CH. Coupled biosynthesis of cordycepin and pentostatin in Cordyceps militaris: implications for fungal biology and medicinal natural products. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 3):S85. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.04.25
31. HMPC. Assessment report on Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., radix – Revision 1. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
32. HMPC. Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium. EMA/HMPC/321095/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015.
33. Thalhamer B, Himmelsbach M, Schatzmann B, Klampfl C, Buchberger W. A feasible procedure to detect widespread wrong labeling of ashwagandha root extracts in dietary supplements. Explor Foods Foodomics. 2024;2:460-470. doi:10.37349/eff.2024.00046
34. Singh VK, Mundkinajeddu D, Agarwal A, et al. Adulteration of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) roots and extracts. Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin. Austin (TX): ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program.
35. Booker A, Jalil B, Frommenwiler D, et al. The authenticity and quality of Rhodiola rosea products. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(7):754-762. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.006
36. Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, et al. Identifying the «Mushroom of Immortality»: assessing the Ganoderma species composition in commercial reishi products. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1557. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557
37. Wirasathien L, Sriputhon N, Tangkiatkumjai M. Post-marketing surveillance of cordyceps products online: identifying falsified products and regulatory challenges. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2026;26:184. doi:10.1186/s12906-026-05363-w
38. McCleary BV, Draga A. Measurement of β-glucan in mushrooms and mycelial products. J AOAC Int. 2016;99(2):364-373. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.15-0289

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Formas farmacéuticas, momento de la toma y duración

1. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Rhodiola rosea L., rhizoma et radix – Revision 1. EMA/HMPC/24177/2023. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
2. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., radix – Revision 1. EMA/HMPC/27744/2023. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
3. HMPC. Community herbal monograph on Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim., radix. EMA/HMPC/680618/2013. London: European Medicines Agency; 2014.
4. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium. EMA/HMPC/321097/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015.
5. Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R. An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
6. Kureha / Daiichi Sankyo. Krestin gránulos finos: prospecto, 9.ª ed., revisión abr 2015 [en japonés].
7. Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23(3):367-372. doi:10.1002/ptr.2634
8. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Rhodiola. Actualizado abr 2025. nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola
9. Lekomtseva Y, Zhukova I, Wacker A. Rhodiola rosea in subjects with prolonged or chronic fatigue symptoms: results of an open-label clinical trial. Complement Med Res. 2017;24(1):46-52. doi:10.1159/000457918
10. Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):255-262. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.106022
11. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Ashwagandha: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizado 2 may 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional

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Ashwagandha

Withania somnifera

1. HMPC. Public statement on Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, radix. EMA/HMPC/681519/2012. London: European Medicines Agency; 2013.
2. Salve J, Pate S, Debnath K, Langade D. Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Cureus. 2019;11(12):e6466. doi:10.7759/cureus.6466
3. Albalawi AA. Dual impact of ashwagandha: significant cortisol reduction but no effects on perceived stress – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health. 2025;31(4):1395-1408. doi:10.1177/02601060251363647
4. Singh VK, Mundkinajeddu D, Agarwal A, et al. Adulteration of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) roots and extracts. Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin. Austin (TX): ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program.
5. Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):255-262. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.106022
6. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Ashwagandha: fact sheet for health professionals. Actualizado 2 may 2025. ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional
7. de Heer JA. Risk assessment of herbal preparations containing Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). RIVM letter report 2024-0029. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2024. doi:10.21945/RIVM-2024-0029
8. Akhgarjand C, Asoudeh F, Bagheri A, et al. Does ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res. 2022;36(11):4115-4124. doi:10.1002/ptr.7598
9. Cheah KL, Norhayati MN, Husniati Yaacob L, Abdul Rahman R. Effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0257843. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257843
10. Langade D, Kanchi S, Salve J, Debnath K, Ambegaokar D. Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in insomnia and anxiety: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cureus. 2019;11(9):e5797. doi:10.7759/cureus.5797
11. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Ashwagandha. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; actualizado 3 dic 2024. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548536
12. Björnsson HK, Björnsson ES, Avula B, et al. Ashwagandha-induced liver injury: a case series from Iceland and the US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Liver Int. 2020;40(4):825-829. doi:10.1111/liv.14393
13. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). Ashwagandha: food supplements with potential health risks. BfR Communication 39/2024. Berlin; 10 sep 2024.
14. Sharma AK, Basu I, Singh S. Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(3):243-248. doi:10.1089/acm.2017.0183

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Ginseng

Panax ginseng

1. HMPC. European Union herbal monograph on Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., radix – Revision 1. EMA/HMPC/27744/2023. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
2. HMPC. Assessment report on Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., radix – Revision 1. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency; 2024.
3. Bach HV, Kim J, Myung SK, Cho YA. Efficacy of ginseng supplements on fatigue and physical performance: a meta-analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(12):1879-1886. doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.12.1879
4. Geng J, Dong J, Ni H, et al. Ginseng for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD007769. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007769.pub2
5. Shishtar E, Sievenpiper JL, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus Panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107391
6. Buettner C, Yeh GY, Phillips RS, et al. Systematic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(1): 83-95. doi:10.1345/aph.1G216
7. Coon JT, Ernst E. Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Drug Saf. 2002;25(5):323-344. doi:10.2165/00002018-200225050-00003
8. Vázquez I, Agüera-Ortiz L. Herbal products and serious side effects: a case of ginseng-induced manic episode. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105(1): 76-77. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.10489.x
9. Yuan CS, Wei G, Dey L, et al. Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(1):23-27. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00011
10. Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54(6):692-693. doi:10.1093/ajhp/54.6.692
11. Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(5):592-599. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02051.x
12. Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2163-2175. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161150-00002

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Maca

Lepidium meyenii

1. Health Canada. Natural health product monograph: Maca – Lepidium meyenii. Ottawa: Health Canada; 27 sep 2024 [citado 20 oct 2026]. Disponible en: https://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/986
2. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. Risikobewertung macahaltiger Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. Stellungnahme Nr. 024/2007 vom 3. April 2007. Berlín: BfR; 2007. Disponible en: https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/risikobewertung_macahaltiger_nahrungsergaenzungsmittel.pdf
3. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Maca. Bethesda (MD): NIDDK; 2012– [actualizado 10 abr 2019]. PMID: 31643869. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548552/
4. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Maca. About Herbs [actualizado 7 jun 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/maca
5. Egyptian Drug Authority. Egyptian herbal monograph, vol. 3: Lepidium meyenii Walp. El Cairo: EDA; 2024 (revisión 11 dic 2023). Disponible en: https://www.edaegypt.gov.eg/media/sacpuet1/lepidium-meyenii-walp-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7.pdf
6. ANMAT; Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Resolución Conjunta 2/2025 (RESFC-2025-2-APN-ANMAT#MS). Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina. 3 nov 2025. Disponible en: https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/333889/20251103
7. Ruokavirasto (Finnish Food Authority). Novel food catalogue of European Commission [actualizado 2026]. Disponible en: https://ruokavirasto.fi/en/foodstuffs/food-sector/food-ingredients-and-contents/novel-foods/establishing-novel-food-status-of-a-food/novel-food-catalogue-of-european-commission [verificada]. European Commission. Novel food catalogue. Disponible en: https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/novel-food/novel-food-catalogue_en [abierta; la entrada de maca del buscador no se pudo leer]
8. United States Pharmacopeia. Herbal Medicines Compendium: Lepidium meyenii Tuber (Proposed for Development, v0.10, 24 nov 2025). Disponible en: https://hmctest.usp.org/family/lepidium-meyenii
9. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9548605, Glucotropaeolin. Disponible en: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9548605
10. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 11198769, N-(Phenylmethyl)hexadecanamide. Disponible en: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11198769
11. Gonzales GF, Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia. 2002;34(6):367-72. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00519.x
12. Gonzales GF, Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men. J Endocrinol. 2003;176(1):163-8. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1760163
13. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, Chung A, Vega K, Villena A. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men. Asian J Androl. 2001;3(4):301-3. PMID: 11753476. Sin DOI.
14. Zenico T, Cicero AF, Valmorri L, Mercuriali M, Bercovich E. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia. 2009;41(2):95-9. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x
15. Dording CM, Fisher L, Papakostas G, Farabaugh A, Sonawalla S, Fava M, et al. A double-blind, randomized, pilot dose-finding study of maca root (L. meyenii) for the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008;14(3):182-91. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00052.x
16. Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, Parkin SR, Walker RS, Fehling KB, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:949036. doi:10.1155/2015/949036
17. Brooks NA, Wilcox G, Walker KZ, Ashton JF, Cox MB, Stojanovska L. Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen content. Menopause. 2008;15(6):1157-62. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181732953
18. Stojanovska L, Law C, Lai B, Chung T, Nelson K, Day S, et al. Maca reduces blood pressure and depression, in a pilot study in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2015;18(1):69-78. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.929649
19. Meissner HO, Mscisz A, Reich-Bilinska H, Kapczynski W, Mrozikiewicz P, Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska T, et al. Hormone-balancing effect of pre-gelatinized organic maca (Lepidium peruvianum Chacon): (II) physiological and symptomatic responses of early-postmenopausal women to standardized doses of maca in double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-centre clinical study. Int J Biomed Sci. 2006;2(4):360-74. PMID: 23675005. Sin DOI.
20. Stone M, Ibarra A, Roller M, Zangara A, Stevenson E. A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(3):574-6. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.012
21. Melnikovova I, Fait T, Kolarova M, Fernandez EC, Milella L. Effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on semen parameters and serum hormone levels in healthy adult men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:324369. doi:10.1155/2015/324369
22. Melnikovova I, Russo D, Fait T, Kolarova M, Tauchen J, Kushniruk N, et al. Evaluation of the effect of Lepidium meyenii Walpers in infertile patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2021;35(11):6359-68. doi:10.1002/ptr.7287
23. Alcalde AM, Rabasa J. Does Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improve seminal quality? Andrologia. 2020;52(10):e13755. doi:10.1111/and.13755
24. Gonzales-Arimborgo C, Yupanqui I, Montero E, Alarcón-Yaquetto DE, Zevallos-Concha A, Caballero L, et al. Acceptability, safety, and efficacy of oral administration of extracts of black or red maca (Lepidium meyenii) in adult human subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016;9(3):49. doi:10.3390/ph9030049
25. Shin D, Jeon SH, Piao J, Park HJ, Tian WJ, Moon DG, et al. Efficacy and safety of maca (Lepidium meyenii) in patients with symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. World J Mens Health. 2023;41(3):692-700. doi:10.5534/wjmh.220112
26. Valentová K, Stejskal D, Bartek J, Dvorácková S, Kren V, Ulrichová J, et al. Maca (Lepidium meyenii) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in combination with silymarin as food supplements: in vivo safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(3):1006-13. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.031
27. Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, Lim HS, Ernst E. Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:44. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-44
28. Lee MS, Shin BC, Yang EJ, Lim HJ, Ernst E. Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;70(3):227-33. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.017
29. Lee MS, Lee HW, You S, Ha KT. The use of maca (Lepidium meyenii) to improve semen quality: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2016;92:64-9. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.07.013
30. Lee HW, Lee MS, Qu F, Lee JW, Kim E. Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) on semen quality parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:934740. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.934740
31. Borrelli F, Colalto C, Delfino DV, Iriti M, Izzo AA. Herbal dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2018;78(6):643-73. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0897-3
32. Morgado A, Tsampoukas G, Sokolakis I, Schoentgen N, Urkmez A, Sarikaya S. Do "testosterone boosters" really increase serum total testosterone? A systematic review. Int J Impot Res. 2024;36(4):348-64. doi:10.1038/s41443-023-00763-9
33. Ho CY, Hsu CH, Chien TJ. Herbal dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Tradit Complement Med. 2026;16(1):109-20. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2025.11.001
34. Srikugan L, Sankaralingam A, McGowan B. First case report of testosterone assay-interference in a female taking maca (Lepidium meyenii). BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011:bcr0120113781. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2011.3781
35. Johnson-Arbor K, Vo K, Wong F, Gajek R. Unintentional and sequential lead exposure from a ceramic mug and maca (Lepidium meyenii). J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(2):152-5. doi:10.1007/s13181-017-0649-x
36. Siwek M, Woroń J, Wrzosek A, Gupało J, Chrobak AA. Harder, better, faster, stronger? Retrospective chart review of adverse events of interactions between adaptogens and antidepressant drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1271776. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1271776
37. Loretz C, Ho MD, Alam N, Mitchell W, Li AP. Application of cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa and cryopreserved human enterocytes in the evaluation of herb-drug interactions: evaluation of CYP3A inhibitory potential of grapefruit juice and commercial formulations of twenty-nine herbal supplements. Drug Metab Dispos. 2020;48(10):1084-91. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.000033
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Reishi

Ganoderma lucidum · G. lingzhi

1. Wu DT, Deng Y, Chen LX, et al. Evaluation on quality consistency of Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplements collected in the United States. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7792. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06336-3
2. Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, et al. Identifying the «Mushroom of Immortality»: assessing the Ganoderma species composition in commercial reishi products. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1557. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557
3. McCleary BV, Draga A. Measurement of β-glucan in mushrooms and mycelial products. J AOAC Int. 2016;99(2):364-373. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.15-0289
4. Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DMY, Chan GCF. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; (4):CD007731. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007731.pub3
5. Klupp NL, Chang D, Hawke F, et al. Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD007259. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007259.pub2
6. Tang W, Gao Y, Chen G, et al. A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract in neurasthenia. J Med Food. 2005;8(1):53-58. doi:10.1089/jmf.2005.8.53
7. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Reishi mushroom (About Herbs). Actualizado 5 may 2026. mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs
8. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Lingzhi, Reishi. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; actualizado 5 oct 2024. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK609014
9. Kwok Y, Ng KFJ, Li CCF, Lam CCK, Man RYK. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the platelet and global hemostatic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi) in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(2):423-426. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000155286.20467.28
10. Yuen MF, Ip P, Ng WK, Lai CL. Hepatotoxicity due to a formulation of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi). J Hepatol. 2004;41(4):686-687. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.06.016
11. Shulman S, Sharma S, Cracchiolo B, Shubhangi K, Sifonios A. Intraoperative bleeding associated with preoperative use of Ganoderma lucidum supplements. Open J Anesthesiol. 2014;4(6). doi:10.4236/ojanes.2014.46018

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Melena de león

Hericium erinaceus

1. Kawagishi H, Shimada A, Shirai R, et al. Erinacines A, B and C, strong stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF)-synthesis, from the mycelia of Hericium erinaceum. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994;35(10):1569-1572. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)76760-8
2. Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23(3):367-372. doi:10.1002/ptr.2634
3. Li IC, Chang HH, Lin CH, et al. Prevention of early Alzheimer's disease by erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelia pilot double-blind placebo-controlled study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:155. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00155
4. Docherty S, Doughty FL, Smith EF. The acute and chronic effects of lion's mane mushroom supplementation on cognitive function, stress and mood in young adults: a double-blind, parallel groups, pilot study. Nutrients. 2023;15(22):4842. doi:10.3390/nu15224842
5. Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, et al. Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomed Res. 2010;31(4):231-237. doi:10.2220/biomedres.31.231
6. Lai PL, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V, et al. Neurotrophic properties of the lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2013;15(6):539-554. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.30
7. Menon A, Jalal A, Arshad Z, Nawaz FA, Kashyap R. Benefits, side effects, and uses of Hericium erinaceus as a supplement: a systematic review. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1641246. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1641246
8. Mori K, Kikuchi H, Obara Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of hericenone B from Hericium erinaceus on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(14):1082-1085. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.004

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